Background and Aims: Municipal landfill leachate is toxic due to its complex organic and inorganic compounds, demonstrating a high potential for pollution. Estimating the leachate pollution index (LPI) is crucial for predicting the long-term effects of leachate on the environment and for proposing suitable management and treatment solutions. Therefore, this study investigates the leachate pollution index (LPI) of the municipal waste landfill in Sanandaj. Materials and Methods: Six samples from the leachate storage pond situated downstream of Sanandaj municipal landfill were collected during the winter and spring seasons. Physicochemical analyses were conducted to determine the characteristics of the leachate. The leachate pollution index was calculated and evaluated based on 18 parameters, including pH, TDS, BOD, COD, TKN, NH4, Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr, Hg, As, phenolic compounds, chloride, cyanide, and total coliform bacteria. Ethical and research considerations were taken into account at all stages of the study. Results: The findings of this study revealed elevated concentrations of pH, COD, BOD, TKN, and NH4 in the leachate from the landfill being studied. Furthermore, the leachate pollution index, calculated from the measured parameters, was determined to be 30. 19. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the leachate pollution index of the investigated site was slightly higher as compared to the corresponding values in active landfills,however, it was significantly elevated in comparison to closed landfills and the guideline LPI values for discharge into the environment and surface water. The high LPI indicates that the leachate in question is hazardous and has a high pollution potential, necessitating treatment before being discharged into the environment.

Al2 (SO4)3, 18H2O, FeCl3 and Ca (OH)2 were used for the treatment of tannery wastewaters. The influences of pH and coagulant dosages were studied. Conditions were optimised according to the pollutant removal efficiencies, the volume of decanted sludge and the biodegradability index improvement. The results indicate that 67-71% of total COD, 76-92% of color and 79-97% of Cr can be removed using the optimum coagulant dosages at the optimum pH range. Al2 (SO4)3, 18H2O and Ca (OH)2 produced better results than FeCl3 in terms of COD, color and Cr removal as well as in terms of biodegradability improvement. Moreover, Al2 (SO4)3, 18H2O and FeCl3 produced the least amount of sludges for a given amounts of COD, color and Cr removed in comparison with Ca (OH)2. Al2 (SO4)3, 18H2O seems to be suitable for yielding high pollutant removals and corresponding low volumes of decanted sludges in addition to improving wastewaters biodegradability index.

Soil pollution and accumulation of heavy metals in soils and crops are the most important bioenvironmental problems that threaten the life of plants, animals and humans. This study was conducted to explore contamination of heavy metals in soils of Hamadan province. A total of 286 composite surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected thoroughout the province. After preparation of the samples, the total contents of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Ni in soil samples were extracted using HNO3. Total contents of heavy metals were measured by ICP. Contamination factor results showed that most samples were moderately polluted and contamination factor for lead was highly polluted. Interpolated distribution map of contamination factors (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) of the heavy metals were prepared using GIS. The overlap of CF and PLI maps with geology and land use maps indicated that the concentrations of Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cu have been controlled by natural factors such as parent material, but agricultural activities according to excessive consumption of animal manure and chemical fertilizers can increase most of these elements in soil.

Background and Objective: Increasing the productivity of surface water, the unsustainable development of agriculture in the boundaries of rivers, and human sewage have reduced the quality of these water resources. Therefore, investigating the amount of pollution and its sources is very necessary for regional planning. This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the Golin River using WQI and Liou indexes. Materials and Methods: Sampling of Golin river water was performed to check water quality based on (WQI) and (Liou) indices in Najjar village station for one year from April 2019 to March 2020. Results: Water quality, according to the Liou index, during the research period in the sampling station in September and March, was in a good category and other months were slightly polluted. According to the results of the WQI index, water quality in September and March were in the excellent descriptive category, with values of 47. 82 and 49. 74, respectively, but in other months it was in a good category. In September and March, water quality improved compared to other months because of lower BOD5 due to reduced agricultural activities, and both indicators showed these quality changes well. Conclusion: Due to the lack of stable conditions in water quality affected by seasonal changes and its departure from the category of high-quality water according to the results of the WQI index and also a little water pollution according to the Liou index, the direct use of Golin River water for drinking purposes is recommended and for this purpose, regular purification should be done and accurate and continuous evaluations of water quality in Golin River are necessary.

Human activities cause to the accumulation of heavy metals in soil. Soil pollution will significantly reduce environmental quality and affect human health. This study aimed to determine the concentration of some heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cr and Cd) and evaluate the effects of Kerman steel industry on concentration of soil heavy metals. A total of 60 samples from the surface soil and a depth of 0-15 cm were collected at different distances from Kerman steel complex and analyzed with Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Some indices of pollution including Contamination factor (Cf), Pollution index (PI), Pollution load index (PLI), Pollution Intensity index (Ipoll), Potential contamination index (Cp) were calculated to assess the levels of soil contamination. The Pearson correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) was used to determine the origin of pollutants. The results were showed the trend of heavy metal concentration in the study area as Fe>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cr>Cd respectively. The maximum of studied indices was related to Pb and then Zn. Pearson correlation was showed that Zn with Cd and Pb with Cr had significant positive correlation. A PCA results of Cf index was stay Zn and Pb in the first cluster. In the other words, these two elements are more human origin. This study showed that the study area does not need to severe remedial action; however, continuous monitoring of environment is essential.